Fast growing population, excessive expansion of cities, and dominance of automobile in urban life have troubled cities with complicated traffi c problems. In many parts of the world, transport network development has always been considered as a solution for this problem. Apparently, one-dimensional ‘ traffi c solutions’ would never thoroughly bring best results as the city and its problems are complicated and interconnected. Although, adding one fl oor to the existing networks would not necessarily solve traffi c congestion. The aim of this paper is to identify the challenges elevated highways especially Sadr highway imposed on adjacent Residential neighborhoods, and to provide recommendations mitigating the negative impacts of these challenges in favor of neighbor residents. Among the different challenges, this paper focuses on those which have instant effects on the potential neighborhoods including environmental, safety, and social challenges which affect nearby residents the most. Accordingly, this study provides policies to reduce noise, air and visual pollution, safety and security issues.

A B S T R A C T The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected the information required for this research. The statistical population of the research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun Residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size according to the Cochran formula was 364. The study results of the studied Residential complexes from the perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among the investigated complexes, Rahan Residential complex had the lowest connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes, and the highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra Residential complex. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among the other results of this research, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient among the investigated components. In the first place, the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, the multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in the third place, the security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in the fourth place and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153 Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and Residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The Residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each Residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of Residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun Residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of Residential complexes based on the   theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of Residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra Residential complex, Azadi Residential complex, Rezvan Residential complex, Rahan Residential complex, Hasht Behesht Residential complex and Zeytoun Residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan Residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of Residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied Residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan Residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and Residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The Residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each Residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of Residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun Residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of Residential complexes based on the theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of Residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra Residential complex, Azadi Residential complex, Rezvan Residential complex, Rahan Residential complex, Hasht Behesht Residential complex and Zeytoun Residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan Residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of Residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied Residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan Residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability.

Designing settlements and their formation patterns has always been one of the controversial topics in the field of architecture and planning, but it is the implications of these patterns on forming spatial structures in Residential layouts which is the focal point of this research. The main aim of the current paper is to scrutinise Space Syntax theory and criticise its origins and fundamental thoughts. In order to do so, the paper uses computational models of three Residential settings in Tehran, Iran. The main question is how deeply is Space Syntax able to predict movements and behavioural patterns of residents in a Residential layout. In other words, this research explores whether Space Syntax computational models can fully cover behavioural patterns or does it leave gaps. The hypothesis is that although the configuration of settlements is the basis for movements, it demands Behavioural Settings theory to interpret the behavioural-movement patterns. In order to answer the main question, three relevant Residential layouts have been chosen in Tehran: Narmak, Yousef Abad, and Shahrak-e Gharb. Moreover, current situation of these communities in terms of private, semi-private, and public spaces were modelled in the Depth Map software, which is developed by Space Syntax Research Group at UCL. Afterwards, these settings were observed during a four-months period. The subsequent comparison between the results obtained from Depth Map models and observations reveals the gaps between Space Syntax theory and the reality. It reveals that the configuration of Residential layouts` has a causal relation with the formation of spatial-physical structure. The integration analysis, based on the Space Syntax methodological-conceptual framework is able to predict the general movement patterns of residents, but when it comes to behavioural patterns, the synomorphy between physics and behaviour can perform a more accurate prediction. The behavioural settings theory by Roger Barker has developed the synomorphy in order to find the adaptations between physical environments and behaviours. Obtained results indicate that spatial-physical structures in the neighbourhoods correspond mainly with the intensity of the behavioural-movement patterns but much less with the shape of their spatial integration. The empirical findings can be considered innovative in light of the fact that Space Syntax studies dealing with ecological psychology in cities are rare and a completely fresh theoretical ground. The research findings nonetheless support the theoretical understanding that the urban environment’ s spatial configuration provides a fundamental condition for the movement patterns but barely can offer a good interpretation for the micro level behaviours by the residents.